RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE AND SELF-CARE STRATEGIES OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN LATVIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17770/sie2021vol7.6258Keywords:
free time activities, healthcare professionals, psychological resilience, SARS-CoV-2, social support, spiritual resources, time managementAbstract
As the worldwide pandemic of Covid-19 continues, health-care professionals (HCP) have been exposed to different hazards, and there is a need to explore psychological resilience in crisis situations, and to give recommendations for its strengthening. The aim of this study was to examine relationship between psychological resilience and self-care strategies in HCP of Latvia, controlling for gender and age during Covid-19 pandemic, and to determine whether the psychological resilience and self-care strategies differ between HCP and professionals in other fields (POF) unrelated to healthcare. Method. The sample consisted of 1723 employees, who during the state of emergency continued to work in their profession; they were divided in two groups - 77 HCP (18 men, 59 women, age M = 46.23 (SD = 14.43)) and 1646 POF (720 men, 926 women, age M = 44.98 (SD = 11.93)) as comparison group. Specific data of national representative cross-sectional online survey (N = 2608), performed in July, 2020, were selected – demographic items, 7 items forming Psychological Resilience Scale and 17 item forming Self–care Strategies Questionnaire (consist of 4 scales: “Spiritual resources”, “Social support”, “Free time activities”, “Time management”). Results. “Time management” was only predictive for Self-care strategy for psychological resilience in both HCP and POF group. Neither age nor gender predicted psychological resilience in HCP group. No statistically significant differences for major variables between HCP and POF were found. Conclusions. The results suggest that performing such Self-care activity as time management can help to promote psychological resilience of the employees regardless of profession. Given the workload of HCP in pandemic, this is an important result. HCP psychological resilience and used self-care strategies during COVID-19 are not different from POF.
References
Adams, J. G., & Walls, R. M. (2020). Supporting the health care workforce during the COVID-19 global epidemic. Jama, 323(15), 1439-1440. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3972
Adler, A. B. (2013). Resilience in a military occupational health context: Directions for future research. In R. R. Sinclair & T. W. Britt (Eds.), Building psychological resilience in military personnel: Theory and practice (223–235). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14190-010
American Psychological Association. (n.d., a). Resilience. In APA dictionary of psychology. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/resilience
American Psychological Association. (n.d., b). Social support. In APA Dictionary of Psychology. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/social-support
American Psychological Association. (n.d., c). Spiritual resources. In APA Dictionary of Psychology. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/spirituality
Britt, T., Shen, W., Sinclair, R., Grossman, M., & Klieger, D. (2016). How Much Do We Really Know About Employee Resilience? Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 9(2), 378-404. https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2015.107
Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d., a) Time management. In Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/time-management
Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d., b). Free time activities. In Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/free-time
Castañeda, R. F. G., & Hernández-Cervantes, Q. (2020). Self-care and spirituality in times of contingency due to covid-19. Cogitare enferm. 25, e73518, 2020. http://dx.doi. org/10.5380/ce.v25i0.73518
Castelnuovo, G., De Giorgio, A., Manzoni, G. M., Treadway, D. C., & Mohiyeddini, C. (2020). Psychological, Behavioral and Interpersonal Effects, and Clinical Implications for Health Systems of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: a call for research. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2146. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02146
European Commission. (2020). Protect, prepare and transform Europe: recovery and resilience post COVID-19 (ESIR Policy Brief No.1). https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/groups/esir/ec_rtd_esir-recovery-resilience-covid19.pdf
Fisher, D. M., Ragsdale, J. M., & Fisher, E. C. (2018). The importance of definitional and temporal issues in the study of resilience. Applied psychology, 68(4), 583-620. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12162
Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. European psychologist, 18(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000124
Gínez-Silva, M. J., Astorga, C. M., & Urchaga-Litago, J. D. (2019). Resiliencia psicológica a través de la edad y el sexo. Revista INFAD de Psicología. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, 4(1), 85-94. https://doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2019.n1.v4.1513
Gooding, P. A., Hurst, A., Johnson, J., & Tarrier, N. (2012). Psychological resilience in young and older adults. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 27(3), 262-270. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2712.
Heath, C., Sommerfield, A., & von Ungern‐Sternberg, B. S. (2020). Resilience strategies to manage psychological distress among healthcare workers during the COVID‐19 pandemic: a narrative review. Anaesthesia, 75(10), 1364-1371. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15180
Hofmeyer, A., & Taylor, R. (2020). Strategies and resources for nurse leaders to use to lead with empathy and prudence so they understand and address sources of anxiety among nurses practicing in the era of COVID‐19. Journal of Clinical Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15520
Hofmeyer, A., Taylor, R., & Kennedy, K. (2020). Knowledge for nurses to better care for themselves so they can better care for others during the Covid-19 pandemic and beyond. Nurse Education Today. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104503
Hou, T., Zhang, T., Cai, W., Song, X., Chen, A., Deng, G., & Ni, C. (2020). Social support and mental health among health care workers during Coronavirus Disease 2019 outbreak: A moderated mediation model. Plos one, 15(5), e0233831. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233831
Humphreys, Lloyd G. and Montanelli, Richard G. (1975). An investigation of the parallel analysis criterion for determining the number of common factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 10, 193-205.
Irvine, C. (2009). The ethics of self-care. In T.R. Cole, T.J. Goodrich, E.R. Gritz (eds), Faculty health in academic medicine (pp. 127-146). Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-451-7_10
Liu, Q., Luo, D., Haase, J. E., Guo, Q., Wang, X. Q., Liu, S., ... & Yang, B. X. (2020). The experiences of health-care providers during the COVID-19 crisis in China: a qualitative study. The Lancet Global Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30204-7
Latvijas atvērto datu portals. (2020). COVID-19 izmeklējumi, apstiprinātie gadījumi un iznākumi. Retrieved from https://data.gov.lv/dati/lv/dataset?q=covid-19
Lundman, B., Strandberg, G., Eisemann, M., Gustafson, Y., & Brulin, C. (2007). Psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the Resilience Scale. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 21(2), 229-237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6712.2007.00461.x
Mayfield-Johnson, S., Smith, D. O., Crosby, S. A., Haywood, C. G., Castillo, J., Bryant-Williams, D., ... & Wennerstrom, A. (2020). Insights on COVID-19 From Community Health Worker State Leaders. The Journal of ambulatory care management, 43(4), 268-277. https://doi.org/10.1097/JAC.0000000000000351
Mills, J., Ramachenderan, J., Chapman, M., Greenland, R., & Agar, M. (2020). Prioritising workforce wellbeing and resilience: What COVID-19 is reminding us about self-care and staff support. Palliative Medicine, 34(9), 1137–1139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216320947966
Muller, A. E., Hafstad, E. V., Himmels, J., Smedslund, G., Flottorp, S., Stensland, S. Ø., Stroobants, S., Van de Velde, S., & Vist, G. E. (2020). The mental health impact of the covid-19 pandemic on healthcare workers, and interventions to help them: A rapid systematic review. Psychiatry research, 293, 113441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113441
Par finanšu līdzekļu piešķiršanu no valsts budžeta programmas “Līdzekļi neparedzētiem gadījumiem”. (2020). Latvijas Vēstnesis, 62B, 27.03.2020. https://likumi.lv/ta/id/313515-par-finansu-lidzeklu-pieskirsanu-no-valsts-budzeta-programmas-lidzekli-neparedzetiem-gadijumiem
Par valsts pētījumu programmu Covid-19 seku mazināšanai. (2020). Latvijas Vēstnesis, 96D, 20.05.2020. https://likumi.lv/ta/id/314858-par-valsts-petijumu-programmu-covid-19-seku-mazinasanai
Perepjolkina, V., Koļesņikova, J., Ruža, A., Bundzena-Ervika, A., & Mārtinsone, K. (2020). Development and Psychometric Properties of the Self-Care Strategies Questionnaire. [Manuscript submitted for publication]. Rīgas Stradiņš University.
Perepjolkina, V. & Mārtinsone, K. (2020). Development and preliminary validation of the Psychological Resilience Scale [Manuscript submitted for publication]. Rīgas Stradiņš University.
Pew Research Center. (2018). How religious is your country. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/interactives/how-religious-is-your-country/
Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2008017
Portzky, M., Wagnild, G., De Bacquer, D., & Audenaert, K. (2010). Psychometric evaluation of the Dutch Resilience Scale RS-nl on 3265 healthy participants: a confirmation of the association between age and resilience found with the Swedish version. Scandinavian journal of caring sciences, 24 Suppl 1, 86–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6712.2010.00841.x
Stuijfzand, S., Deforges, C., Sandoz, V., Sajin, C. T. C. T., Jaques, C., Elmers, J., & Horsch, A. (2020). Psychological Impact of an Epidemic/Pandemic on the Mental Health of Healthcare Professionals: A Rapid Review. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-30156/v1
Unadkat, S., & Farquhar, M. (2020). Doctors' wellbeing: self-care during the covid-19 pandemic. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 368, m1150. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1150
World Health Organization. (2014). Self-care for health: WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/205887
World Health Organization. (2020). Keep health workers safe to keep patients safe: WHO. Retrieve from https://www.who.int/news/item/17-09-2020-keep-health-workers-safe-to-keep-patients-safe-who
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
How to Cite
