CASE STUDY OF PRIMITIVE REFLEXES IMPACT ON SWIMMING SKILL ACQUISITION BY HEALTHY CHILDREN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17770/sie2020vol6.5180Keywords:
primitive reflexes, swimming skill acquisitionAbstract
Primitive reflexes is an automatic muscle reactions which are only present in the first few months, but can remain active in healthy children, thus, impacting on motor proficiency. There is little evidence how primitive reflexes influence on swimming skills acquisition by healthy children. The aim of the study is to examine how primitive reflexes influence swimming skills acquisition by healthy children. Subjects: two 7-year-old girls. Methods: Checklists by Oh et al., (2011) were used to evaluate swimming skill proficiency at swimming lesson 8 and 16. The results were represented as a percentage of the possible maximal score. The testing of the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex, the symmetrical tonic neck reflex, and the tonic labyrinthine reflex was done using Blythe’s, 5-point rating scale. The analysis was carried out using descriptive method. The first girl showed two reflexes at level 1, while the second girl demonstrated all tested reflexes at level 1, 2 and 3. The girl with less total score of reflexes (8%) achieved a better level of swimming proficiency (from 73% to 77%) than the girl with higher (25%) severity of these reflex (from 21% to 33%.). The obteined data evidence about influence of primitive reflexes on swimming skill acquisition by healthy children.
References
Bilbilaj, S., Gjipali, A., & Shkurti, F. (2017). Measuring Primitive Reflexes in Children with Learning Disorders. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2(5), 285-298.
Blanksby, B.A., Parker, H.E., Bradley, S., & Ong, V. (1995). Children’s readiness for learning front crawl swimming. Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 27(2), 34–37.
Chinello, A., Di Gangi, V., & Valenza, E. (2018). Persistent primary reflexes affect motor acts: Potential implications for autism spectrum disorder. Research in developmental disabilities, 83, 287-295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2016.07.010
Donaldson, M., Blanksby, B., & Heard, N. (2010). Progress in precursor skills and front crawl swimming in children with and without developmental coordination disorder. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education, 4(4), 390-408. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/ijare/vol4/iss4/6
Franklin, R.C., Peden, A.E., Hodges, S., Lloyd, N., Larsen, P., O'Connor, C., & Scarr, J. (2015). Learning to Swim: What Influences Success? International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education, 9(3), 220-240. DOI:10.25035/ijare.09.03.02
Gieysztor, E.Z., Choińska, A.M., & Paprocka-Borowicz, M. (2018). Persistence of primitive reflexes and associated motor problems in healthy preschool children. Arch Med Sci, 14(1), 167–173. DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.60503
Gieysztor, E. Z., Sadowska, L., & Choińska, A.M. (2017). The degree of primitive reflexes integration as a diagnostic tool to assess the neurological maturity of healthy preschool and early school age children. Pielęgniarstwo i Zdrowie Publiczne, 26(1), 5–11.
Blythe, S.G. (2009). Attention, Balance and Coordination: The A.B.C. of Learning Success. Wiley-Blackwell.
Blythe, S.G. (2011). Neuro-motor maturity as an indicator of developmental readliness for education. TAC Journal, 4(12), 1-12. Retrieved from http://www.novreflextherapie.nl/pdf-bestanden/bibliotheek-neuro-motor.pdf
Grzywniak, C. (2016). Role of early-childhood reflexes in the psychomotor development of a child, and in learning. Journal Acta Neuropsychologica, 14(2), 113-129. DOI:10.5604/17307503.1213000
Konicarova, J., & Bob, P. (2013). Principle of Dissolution and Primitive Reflexes in AD HD. P. Act Nerv Super, 55(1-2), 74–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03379598
Landi, S. M., Baguear, F., & Della-Maggiore, V. (2011). One week of motor adaptation induces structural changes in primary motor cortex that predict long-term memory one year later. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(33), 11808–11813. DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2253-11.2011.
Langendorfer, S.J., Quan, L., Pia, F.A., Fielding, R., Wernicki, P.G., & Markenson, D. (2009). Scientific Review: Minimum Age for Swim Lessons. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Educatio, 3(4). DOI: 10.25035/ijare.03.04.12
Magill, R.A., & Anderson, D. (2016). Motor learning and control: Concepts and applications (11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Montgomery, R., Nichols, C., Ornburn, C., Rudd, A., & Williams, L. (2015). The effects of persistent asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) on reading scores in first and second-grade children. In Proceedings: 11th Annual Symposium on Graduate Research and Scholarly Projects. Wichita State University, Wichita KS, 57. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7912/3a0a6c0c109c23a3dddd202f5c61dd4b273e.pdf
McPhillips, M., & Jordan-Black, J. A. (2007). Primary reflex persistence in children with reading difficulties (dyslexia): A cross-sectional study. Neuropsychologia, 45, 748–754. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.08.005
Morouзo, P.G., Keskinen, K.L., Vilas-Boas, J.P., & Fernandes, R.J. (2011). Relationship between tethered forces and the four swimming techniques performance. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 27(2), 161–169.
Nicolson, S.E., Chabon, B., Larsen, K.A., Kelly, S.E., Potter, A.W., Stern, T.A. (2011). Primitive Reflexes Associated with Delirium: A Prospective Trial. Psychosomatics, 52, 507–512. DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2011.06.008
Oh, S., Licari, M., Lay, B., & Blanksby, B. (2011). Effects of Teaching Methods on Swimming Skill Acquisition in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education, 5(4), 432-448. DOI: 10.25035/ijare.05.04.09
Pavão, S.C., Neves dos Santos, A., Woollacott, M.H., & Cicuto Ferreira Rocha, N.A. (2013). Assessment of postural control in children with cerebral palsy: A review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(5), 1367–1375. DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.01.034
Pyne, D.B., & Sharp, R.L. (2014). Physical and Energy Requirements of Competitive Swimming Events. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 24(4), 351-359. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0047
Revesz, L., Bognar, J., Salvara, M. I., Gita, S., & Biro, M. (2007). Curriculum Development for Teaching Swimming in Hungary. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education, 1(2), 156-165. DOI: 10.25035/ijare.01.02.07
Schott, J.M., & Rossor, M.N. (2003). The grasp and other primitive reflexes. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 74(5), 558–560. Retrieved from https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/74/5/558
Sharma, A., Ford, S., & Calvert, J. (2014). Adaptation for life: a review of neonatal physiology. Anaesthesia and intensive care medicine, 15(3), 89–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2014.01.002
Skotáková, A., Vaculíková,P., & Sebera, M. (2016). The persistent primary reflexes in school age children (6-11). In European Congress of Adapted Physical Activity 2016. Retrieved from https://www.fsport.uniba.sk/fileadmin/ftvs/kniznica/elektronicke_publikacie/zborniky/APA_ROAD_EUCAPA_OLOMOUC_2016.pdf
Sohn, M., Ahn, Y., Lee, S. (2011). Assessment of Primitive Refl exes in High-risk Newborns, J Clin Med Res, 3(6), 285-290.
Taubert, M., Draganski, B., Anwander, A., Müller, K., Horstmann, A., Villringer, A., & Ragert, P. (2010). Dynamic Properties of Human Brain Structure: Learning- Related Changes in Cortical Areas and Associated Fiber Connections. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30(35), 11670 –11677. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2567-10.2010
Teitelbaum, O., Benton, T., Shah, P.K., Prince, A., Kelly, J.L., & Teitelbaum, P. (2004). Eshkol–Wachman movement notation in diagnosis: The early detection of Asperger’s syndrome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America PNAS, 101(32), 11909–11914. Retrieved from https://www.pnas.org/content/101/32/11909
Vaculíková, P., Skotáková, A., & Sebera, M. (2017). The occurrence of the persistent primitive reflexes in school age children (6 -11). 8th International Scientific Conference on Kinesiology, 2017, Opatija, Croatia.
Wulf, G., & Shea, C.H. (2002). Principles derived from the study of simple skills do not generalize to complex skill learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9(2), 185-211. DOI: 10.3758/BF03196276
Zafeiriou, D. (2004). Primitive reflexes and postural reactions in the neurodevelopmental examination. Pediatr Neurol, 31(1), 1-8. DOI:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2004.01.012
Zoia, S., Blason, L., D’Ottavio, G., Bulgheroni, M., Pezzetta, E., Scabar, A., & Castiello, U. (2006). Evidence of early development of action planning in the human foetus: a kinematic study. Experimental Brain Researh, 176(2). DOI 10.1007/s00221-006-0607-3
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
How to Cite
